Thermal Concepts

Concept Name	Definition	Explanation		Symbol	Unit	How Measured
Temperature	is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance also link	Kinetic energy may be in the form of translational or rotational motion and is often a vibration. Microscopic model in Solid, Liquid and Gas		T	see temperature scales below °C or °K	see measuring temperature below
Heat	energy that is transferred from one body to another due to a difference of temperature	Heat may flow by Conduction, Convection or Radiation		Q	J 4.186 J = 1 cal 4.186 kJ = 1 kcal 4.186 kJ = 1 Cal * (often the rate of heat flow is just expressed as heat and uses the unit W)	electrical equivalent mechanical equivalent calorimetry (chemical equivalent?)
Internal Energy (or Thermal Energy)	the total of the microscopic (as opposed to macroscopic) potential and kinetic energies of a substance	potential energy arises from inter-molecular forces	concept of specific heat and latent heat	DQ	J	calorimetry
		kinetic energy arises from translational and rotational motion (thermal energy)

expansion of a liquid in a tube
- alcohol or mercury thermometer (mercury freezes @-38.8 °C and boils @ 356.6°C) (alcohol, not pure often -20°C to 110°C)
- electrical resistance - thermistor, or resistor
electrical potential - thermocouple (eg. type T - copper/constantan (CuNi alloy))
volume of a gas at constant pressure
radiation frequency - infrared thermometer
bi-metalic rods
liquid crystal
semiconductor diode forward voltage (band gap)

* 1 Cal raises 1 kg of water by 1°C